Peoples of Pingcheng (398-494):Compared to the later capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Luoyang (494 534), Pingcheng on the northern border of the Chinese world has received less scholarly attention despite its far longer capital status (398 494). The main reason is the lack of written sources. In addition, there is the derogatory idea that Pingcheng was a latifundium inhabited by "barbarians," since the rulers of the Northern Wei were the Tuoba Xianbei from the eastern steppe,